The Complete History of Video Poker
Video poker stands as one of the most significant innovations in the gambling industry, bridging the gap between traditional table poker and the accessibility of slot machines. This comprehensive overview traces the evolution of video poker from its mechanical ancestors to the sophisticated digital platforms of today.
The Mechanical Origins (1891–1970)
The story begins in 1891 with Sittman and Pitt of Brooklyn, New York, who developed a poker machine that would become the ancestor of modern video poker. Unlike the 3-reel slot machines that would follow, this machine featured five drums holding a total of 50 cards, simulating a poker hand.
To create a mechanical house edge, the Ten of Spades and Jack of Hearts were typically removed, halving the probability of a Royal Flush. Due to the combinatorial complexity of poker hands, the machine could not dispense coins automatically. Instead, it functioned as a Trade Stimulator, where bartenders awarded merchandise (cigars, drinks) for winning hands.
The Electronic Revolution (1970s)
The Poker-Matic, released by Dale Electronics in 1970, marked the first true video poker machine. Utilizing a CRT monitor and early solid-state logic, it replaced physical reels with virtual cards. While placed in numerous Las Vegas casinos, it struggled with player trust—gamblers were skeptical of the "invisible shuffle" of electronic circuitry.
The true breakthrough came when Si Redd recognized the potential of video gaming technology. After Bally Manufacturing rejected the concept, Redd acquired the patent rights and founded SIRCOMA (later IGT). In 1979, they released the seminal Draw Poker machine, introducing the critical Hold/Draw mechanic that added a layer of skill and agency to the game.
The Golden Age (1980s–1990s)
The 1980s saw video poker establish itself as a casino staple. IGT went public in 1981, and the company's machines began replacing traditional slot machines on casino floors. The introduction of "Jacks or Better" payout structures increased player retention through psychological engineering.
The 1990s brought the Game King Era, which marked the transition from dedicated single-game cabinets to flexible, multi-game platforms. IGT's Game King became the industry standard, featuring touchscreen interfaces and multi-hand variants like Triple Play Poker. High-volatility variants like Double Double Bonus emerged, shifting casino floor economics.
The Digital Age (2000s–Present)
The 2000s introduced the TITO Revolution (Ticket-In, Ticket-Out), eliminating coin handling and enabling multi-denomination play. This dramatically increased hands per hour and abstracted money psychologically.
Variable-state games like Ultimate X introduced persistent multipliers, creating new strategic dimensions and advantage play opportunities. The rise of online video poker and mobile apps democratized access, while software solvers allowed players to achieve near-perfect play.
Today, video poker continues to evolve, balancing tradition with innovation as it adapts to new technologies and player expectations.